Fig. 1

Three-dimensional mapping of the left atrium (LA) and pulmonary veins (PVs) in a patient from the young population group with paroxysmal AF. a Normal bipolar voltage map of LA and four separate PVs. b Circumferential pulmonary vein isolation was performed in the same patient. LSPV: left superior pulmonary vein, LIPV: left inferior pulmonary vein, RSPV: right superior pulmonary vein, RIPV: right inferior pulmonary vein, LAA: left atrial appendage, AP view: anteroposterior view, PA view: posteroanterior view