Table 1 The evidence for the role of neurohormonal blockers (ACEI, BB, ARB, and MRA) in the primary prevention of acute, early, and late-onset anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC)

Cardinale et al. [7]

114

12 months

Enalapril

LVEF, LVEDD, LVESD, troponin I

Benefit

OVERCOME trial (Bosch et al. [8])

90

6 months

Enalapril, carvedilol

LVEF, LV diastolic function

Benefit

MANTICORE 101-BREAST study (Pituskin et al. [9])

99

350 ± 18 days

Perindopril, bisoprolol

LVEF, LVEDVI

Benefit for LVEF but not benefit for LVEDVI (both interventions)

Gupta et al. [10]

84

6 months

Enalapril

LVEF, troponin, NTproBNP, creatine kinase (CK)

Benefit

Guglin et al. [11]

468

2 years

Carvedilol, lisinopril

LVEF

Benefit

Georgakopoulos et al. [12]

147

1–3 years

Metoprolol, enalapril

LVEF

No benefit

Maryam et al. [13]

91

30 days

Carvedilol

LVEF, diastolic function, troponin I

Benefit

Tashakori Beheshti et al. [14]

70

1 week

Carvedilol

LVEF, strain, strain rate

Benefit

Kalay et al. [15]

25

6 months

Carvedilol

LVEF, diastolic dysfunction

Benefit

Abuosa et al. [16]

154

6 months

Carvedilol

LVEF, diastolic dysfunction

Benefit

CECCY trial (Avila et al. [17])

200

6 months

Carvedilol

LVEF, troponin I, BNP

Possible benefit

Kaya et al. [18]

45

6 months

Nebivolol

LVEF, LVEDD, LVESD, NTproBNP

Benefit

PRADA trial Gulati et al. [19]

130

10–61 weeks

Candesartan, metoprolol

LVEF, troponin I, BNP

Benefit Candesartan.

Benefit candesartan + metoprolol.

No benefit metoprolol.

Cadeddu et al. [20]

49

One week after each chemo cycle

Telmisartan

LVEF, strain, and strain rate.

IL-6, reactive oxygen species.

Benefit

Akpek et al. [21]

83

24.0 ± 3.9 weeks for intervention and 24.3 ± 2.9 on placebo

Spironolactone

LVEF, LVEDD, LVESD, LV diastolic function, troponin I, NTproBNP

Benefit