Table 1 Patients’ baseline characteristics and comparison of characteristics among subjects with and without LEAD
LEAD present n = 203 (%) | LEAD absent n = 434 (%) | Total n = 637(%) | Difference/OR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years | 61.4 ± 7.9 | 62.1 ± 8.6 | 61.8 ± 8.4 | − 0.7 (− 2.1–0.7) | 0.3 |
Male gender | 174 (85.7) | 332 (76.5) | 506 (79.4) | 1.8 (1.2–2.9) | 0.008* |
BMI | 24.9 ± 2.3 | 25.3 ± 2.6 | 25.2 ± 2.5 | − 0.4 (− 0.8–0.02) | 0.06 |
Diabetic | 97 (47.8) | 190 (43.8) | 287 (45.1) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 0.35 |
Hypertensive | 157 (77.3) | 295 (68.0) | 452 (`71.0) | 1.6 (1.1–2.36) | 0.01* |
Hypercholesterolemia | 197 (97.0) | 419 (96.5) | 616 (96.7) | 1.2 (0.5–3.1) | 0.82 |
Smoker | 124 (61.1) | 217 (50.0) | 341 (53.5) | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) | 0.01* |
CKD | 10 (4.9) | 51 (11.8) | 61 (9.6) | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.006* |
CVE | 10 (4.9) | 4 (0.9) | 14 (2.2) | 5.6 (1.7–17.9) | 0.003* |
Claudication | 155 (76.4) | 6 (1.4) | 161 (25.3) | 230.4 (96.7–548.9) Ln 5.4 (4.6–6.3) | < 0.0001* |
ACS | 131 (64.5) | 228 (52.5) | 359 (56.4) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.005* |
EF (%) | 44.3 ± 8.1 | 45.2 ± 6.8 | 44.9 ± 7.3 | 0.9 (− 2.1–0.3) | 0.1 |
Antiplatelets | 167 (82.3) | 393 (90.5) | 568 (89.2) | 8.2 (2.2–15.2) | 0.006* |
Statins | 156 (76.8) | 401 (92.4) | 557 (87.4) | 15.6 (8.94–23.2) | < 0.0001* |
ACEI/ARB | 111 (54.7) | 215 (49.5) | 326 (51.2) | 5.2 (− 6.2–16.3) | 0.4 |
Beta-blockers | 99 (48.8) | 216 (49.8) | 315 (49.5) | 1.0 (− 10.7–12.67) | 0.9 |
CCB | 34 (16.7) | 74 (17.1) | 108 (17.0) | 0.4 (− 16.8–13.9) | 0.9 |
Nitrates | 165 (81.2) | 366 (84.3) | 531 (83.3) | 3.1 (− 3.5–10.6) | 0.4 |
Antidiabetics | 77/ 97(79.4) | 180/ 190 (94.7) | 257/ 287 (89.5) | 15.3 (6.6–25.9) | 0.0002* |
SS | 23.2 ± 9.5 | 21.7 ± 8.6 | 22.2 ± 8.9 | 1.5 (− 0.03–3.0) | 0.06 |