Table 1 Notable emergent biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases
From: Emerging biomarkers for the detection of cardiovascular diseases
Name of Marker | Derivative of | Source of tissue | Cause of increase | Time point to increase | Time point to back normal | Diagnostic use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiac troponin | Regulatory protein complex. T and I cardiac-specific isoforms | Heart | Heart injury | 3–4 h after injury | 7–10 days | Myocardial infarction and degree of damage |
C reactive protein | Protein derived. Acute phase protein | Liver | Raise in Inflammation | 4–6 h after inflammation | Decrease (36–50 h.) after resolution of inflammation | Chronic inflammatory disease and risk of heart disease |
Myeloperoxidase | Protein derived | azurophilic granules of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages | Coronary artery disease and Inflammation | 2 h after onset of symptoms | – | Diagnosis and risk stratification of acute coronary artery syndrome |
CK-MB | Myocardium-related isoenzymes of CK | Heart and Skeletal muscles | When injury to heart and skeletal muscle cells | 4to 6 h after heart muscles injury, peak level at 24 h | Within 48–72 h, it will return to normal | Less than Troponin in specificity. Used to diagnostic re-infarction |
Ischemia modified albumin (IMA) | Protein derived | Heart tissue | when circulating serum albumin contacts ischemic heart tissues | Rise within minutes of transient ischemia. Peak within 6 h | – | It is a good discriminator between ischemic and non-ischemic patients |
Myoglobin | Protein derived, oxygen sorting protein | Hearty and skeletal muscles | When injury to heart and skeletal muscle cells | After injury 2–4 h, peak level at 8 to 12 h | Return to normal within 24 h | Early diagnosis in addition to Troponin |
Fibrinogen | Glycoprotein | Liver | Tissue and vascular injury, it may elevate in inflammation | 5 days after injury | – | Bleeding disorders and risk of cardiovascular diseases |
TMAO | Amino acid derivative | Intestinal lumen | Cardiovascular and Renal disease | Increase within 24 h | – | To predict heart attack, stroke and kidney disease |
Cystatin- C | Protein derivative | All nucleated cells | Acute kidney injury and cardiovascular disease | When acute kidney injury develops, after 8 h of cardiac surgery | – | Early detection of acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery patients |
Lipoprotein-associated phospho lipase A2 | Lipid derivative | Leukocytes | Cardiovascular inflammation and heart failure | After 24 h of inflammation | – | To help to determine risk of CVD’s and coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke |
Oxylipins | Lipid derivative | All nucleated cells | Increased in cardiovascular diseases |  |  | Develop early diagnostic tools for CVD’s |