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Table 1 Characteristics of included Studies

From: Drugs acting on the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) and deaths of COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

S. no.

Reference name

Type of study

Place

Publication status

Male (%)

Female (%)

Total

Median age

(Non-ACE/ARB)

Outcome

(ACE/ARB)

Outcome

References

1

Derington 2021

Cohort

USA

Peer-reviewed

93

7

4969

66

2487

65

2482

61

[15]

2

Ayed 2021

Cohort

Kuwait

Peer-reviewed

85.5

14.5

103

53

93

10

10

5

[16]

3

Senkal 2020

Cohort

Turkey

Peer-reviewed

59.4

40.6

611

57

53

5

105

7

[17]

4

Bae 2020

Cohort

UK

Peer-reviewed

48.8

51.2

347

52

230

12

117

17

[18]

5

Baker 2021

Cohort

UK

Peer-reviewed

54

46

311

75

233

63

78

17

[19]

6

Banerjee 2020

Cohort

UK

Peer-reviewed

57.5

42.5

7

61.5

6

0

1

1

[20]

7

Bauer 2021

Case–Control Study

USA

Peer-reviewed

37

63

1449

57.4

1219

198

230

77

[21]

8

Bean 2020

Cohort

UK

Peer-reviewed

57.2

42.8

1200

69.2

801

182

399

106

[22]

9

Braude 2020

Multicenter Observational Study

UK, Italy

Peer-reviewed

59.1

40.9

1371

74

979

257

392

106

[23]

10

Cannata 2020

Observational Retrospective

Italy

Peer-reviewed

NA

NA

280

75

224

39

56

7

[24]

11

Cariou 2020

Cohort

France

Peer-reviewed

64.9

35.1

1317

69.8

580

48

737

92

[25]

12

Cetinkal 2020

Retrospective, Single Center

Turkey

Peer-reviewed

50.43

49.57

341

68.7

140

20

201

29

[26]

13

Chaudhri 2020

Cohort

USA

Peer-reviewed

66

34

300

62

220

25

80

5

[27]

14

Chen C 2020

Cohort

China

Peer-reviewed

47.7

52.3

1182

63

827

95

355

12

[28]

15

Chen M 2020

Case–Control Study

China

Preprint

49.6

50.4

123

28.8

112

28

11

3

[29]

16

Chen Y 2020

Cohort

China

Peer-reviewed

67

33

71

67.25

39

10

32

4

[30]

17

Choi 2020

Case–Control Study

South Korea

Preprint

42.8

57.2

1517

66.5

625

69

892

42

[31]

18

Christiansen 2021

Observational Retrospective

Denmark

Peer-reviewed

42.7

57.3

2802

47

1336

144

1466

138

[32]

19

Conversano 2020

Cohort

Italy

Peer-reviewed

68.6

31.4

191

65

122

101

69

48

[33]

20

Covino 2020

Observational Retrospective

Australia

Peer-reviewed

65.7

34.3

166

74

55

22

111

58

[34]

21

Desai 2021

Observational Retrospective

Italy

Peer-reviewed

66.1

33.9

575

64.8

421

72

154

49

[35]

22

Felice 2020

Case–Control Study

Italy

Peer-reviewed

64.6

35.4

133

72

51

18

82

15

[7]

23

Fosbol 2020

Cohort

Denmark

Peer-reviewed

48

52

4480

62

3585

297

895

181

[8]

24

Genet 2020

Observational Retrospective

USA

Peer-reviewed

63.81

36.19

201

86.3

138

52

63

14

[36]

25

Giacomelli 2020

Prospective, Single Center

Italy

Peer-reviewed

69.1

30.9

233

61

202

34

31

14

[37]

26

Giorgi 2020

Cohort

Italy

Peer-reviewed

50.1

49.9

2653

31.6

1835

109

818

108

[38]

27

Guo 2020

Case–Control Study

China

Peer-reviewed

54

46

187

61.7

168

36

19

7

[9]

28

Hakeam 2021

Cohort

Saudi Arabia

Peer-reviewed

59.5

40.5

102

60.8

33

7

69

15

[39]

29

Hu 2020

Cohort

China

Peer-reviewed

 

NA

149

56

84

0

65

1

[10]

30

Huang 2020

Cohort

China

Peer-reviewed

45

55

50

60.18

30

3

20

0

[40]

31

Ip 2020

Case–Control Study

USA

Preprint

NA

NA

1129

NA

669

262

460

137

[41]

32

Jung C 2021

Cohort

38 Countries

Peer-reviewed

69

31

324

75

167

85

157

62

[42]

33

Jung S 2020

Cohort

South Korea

Peer-reviewed

44

56

1954

44.6

1577

51

377

33

[43]

34

Khan 2020

Observational Retrospective, Multicenter

Scotland

Peer-reviewed

56.8

43.2

88

72

61

14

27

5

[44]

35

Khera 2020

Observational Retrospective

USA

Preprint

54

46

7933

NA

3346

466

4587

664

[45]

36

Kim 2021

Observational Retrospective

South Korea

Peer-reviewed

53

47

1236

62

608

28

628

23

[46]

37

Lafaurie 2021

Observational Retrospective

UK

Peer-reviewed

22.44

77.56

109

74

36

6

73

9

[11]

38

Lam 2020

Observational Retrospective

USA

Peer-reviewed

90.11

9.89

614

70.5

279

62

335

58

[47]

39

Lee 2020

Cohort

South Korea

Preprint

22.44

77.56

8266

44.36

7289

62

977

50

[48]

40

Li 2020

Case–Control Study

China

Peer-reviewed

52.2

47.80

362

66

247

56

115

21

[49]

41

Liabeuf 2021

Prospective, Single Center

France

Peer-reviewed

58

42

268

73

172

30

96

17

[50]

42

Lim 2020

Cohort

South Korea

Peer-reviewed

70

30

130

67

100

22

30

14

[51]

43

Lopez-Otero 2021

Cohort

Spain

Peer-reviewed

42

58

965

64

755

27

210

11

[52]

44

Matsuzawa 2020

Observational Retrospective

Japan

Peer-reviewed

59.6

40.4

39

60

18

0

21

2

[53]

45

Mehta 2020

Observational Retrospective

USA

Peer-reviewed

50.1

49.9

1705

58.4

1494

34

211

8

[54]

46

Meng 2020

Case–Control Study

China

Peer-reviewed

57.2

42.8

42

66.4

25

1

17

0

[55]

47

Negreira-Caamaao 2020

Observational Retrospective

Spain

Peer-reviewed

51.9

48.1

545

76.5

153

63

392

119

[56]

48

Oussalah 2020

Cohort

France

Peer-reviewed

61

39

147

65

104

9

43

10

[57]

49

Pan 2020

Observational Retrospective

China

Peer-reviewed

50.7

49.3

282

69

241

5

41

4

[58]

50

Rentsch 2020

Cohort

USA

Preprint

54

46

579

66

324

6

255

11

[59]

51

Rezel-Potts 2021

Observational Retrospective

UK

Peer-reviewed

40

60

16,866

62

14,154

667

2712

254

[60]

52

Richardson 2020

Case–Control Study

USA

Peer-reviewed

60.3

39.7

1366

63

953

254

413

130

[61]

53

Rodilla 2020

Observational Retrospective

Spain

Peer-reviewed

57.4

42.6

12,226

67.5

7988

1452

4238

1180

[62]

54

Rosenthal 2020

Cohort

USA

Peer-reviewed

50

50

37,707

57

34,545

7010

3162

345

[63]

55

Sardu 2020

Observational Retrospective

Italy

Peer-reviewed

66.1

33.9

62

58

17

2

45

7

[64]

56

Selã§Uk 2020

Observational Retrospective

Turkey

Peer-reviewed

48.6

51.4

113

67

39

4

74

31

[65]

57

Shah 2020

Retrospective, Single Center

USA

Peer-reviewed

42

58

531

64

324

48

207

38

[66]

58

Soleimani 2020

Cohort

USA

Peer-reviewed

83.5

16.5

254

66.4

132

35

122

33

[67]

59

Son 2020

Observational Retrospective

Korea

Peer-reviewed

50.8

49.2

102

64

25

8

77

30

[68]

60

Tan 2020

Case–Control Study

China

Peer-reviewed

51

49

100

67

69

11

31

0

[69]

61

Wang 2020

Case–Control Study

China

Peer-reviewed

52

48

210

64

129

5

81

7

[70]

62

Xu 2020

Observational Retrospective

China

Peer-reviewed

53

47

101

65

61

21

40

11

[71]

63

Yang 2020

Observational Retrospective

China

Peer-reviewed

49

51

251

66

208

19

43

2

[72]

64

Yuan 2020

Observational Retrospective

China

Peer-reviewed

NA

NA

260

NA

130

22

130

6

[73]

65

Zeng 2020

Case–Control Study

China

Preprint

49.4

50.6

274

66.57

246

19

28

2

[74]

66

Zhang 2020

Retrospective, Multi-Center Study

China

Peer-reviewed

54

46

1128

64

940

92

188

7

[75]

67

Zhong 2020

Cohort

China

Peer-reviewed

44.5

55.5

126

66.3

89

15

37

6

[76]

68

Zhou 2020

Cohort

China

Peer-reviewed

53

47

2718

64.8

1812

272

906

70

[77]