Table 2 A summary of the literature described the association between LTBI and cardiovascular events and risk factors

Huaman, 2018, USA[28]

Case–control

105 AMI cases vs.110 non-AMI controls

Data from 2 large national public hospital networks in Lima, Peru, between July 2015 and March 2017

69%, median age 62 (IQR 56–70 years)

The QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube assay

Acute Myocardial Infarction

LTBI was more frequent in AMI case patients than in controls (64% vs 49% [P = .03]; OR, 1.86; 95% CI 1.08–3.22). After adjustment LTBI remained independently associated with AMI (adjusted OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.05–3.45)

Huaman, 2021, USA[31]

Cross sectional

Individuals ≥ 40 years, 113 LTBI vs. 91 non-LTBI

Data from studies conducted in Lima, Peru, and Kampala, Uganda between March 2018 and October 2019

39.7%, median age 56 (IQR 49–64) years

The QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus) was used at the Peru site. The QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) was used at the Uganda site

Obstructive CAD (plaque causing ≥ 50% stenosis)

LTBI was associated with obstructive CAD (adjusted OR, 4.96; 95% CI, 1.05–23.44; P = .043). Quantitative QFT TB antigen minus Nil interferon-γ responses were associated with obstructive CAD (adjusted OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.03–1.41; P = 0.022)

Khoufi, 2021, Saudi Arabia[21]

Cross sectional

98 patients with prior ischemic heart disease: 19 LTBI vs. 79 non-LTBI

Patients recruited from the outpatient cardiovascular disorders clinic and medical records of the patients at Secondary Hospital in the period from February 2018 to January 2020

62.2%, mean age 55 ± 10.1 years

QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT)

Ischemic heart disease (by coronary angiography)

In multivariable analysis, LTBI was significantly associated with coronary artery atherosclerosis (Adjusted OR 1.024, 95% CI 1.002–1.736, p = 0.003)

Hasanain, 2018, Egypt[34]

Hospital‑based, case–control study

183 patients underwent percutaneous coronary angiography (121 patients with CAS vs. 62 patients without CAS)

Data from Cardiac Catheterization Unit of the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology, and Cardiac Surgery Hospital, from February 2016 to December 2017

72.7%, mean age 62.5 ± 9.9 years

Patients with positive TST and IGRA (QuantiFERON‑TB Gold (QFT‑G) test) Cellestis Ltd, Carnegie, Australia)

Coronary artery stenosis (CAS)

In multivariate analysis, LTBI (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2–17.3, P = 0.018) was the predictor of CAS

Erdenebat, 2018, USA[35]

Cross sectional

684 adult refugees (age ≥ 21 years)

New refugees who received care at the DeKalb County Board of Health Refugee Clinic, Atlanta, Georgia between 1st October 2013 and 31st August 2014

55.5%, median age 33 (IQR 27.0–42.0) years

QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT)

Dyslipidemia

After adjusting for confounders, LTBI was not significantly associated with elevated total cholesterol (adjusted odds ratio [adjusted OR] 1.27; 95% CI 0.89–1.82) and elevated triglycerides (adjusted OR 1.18; 95% CI 0.84–1.67)

Magee, 2022, USA[36]

Retrospective cohort

574,113 Patients without preexisting diabetes

U.S. Veterans receiving care in the Veterans Health Administration from 2000 to 2015, follow-up after LTBI testing (median 3.2 years)

84%, median age of 62 (IQR 51–71) years

Tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-\(\gamma\) release assay (IGRA)

Diabetes Mellitus

Increased diabetes persisted after adjustment for covariates (adjusted HR 1.2 [95% CI 1.2–1.3]) compared with those without LTBI

Mandieka, 2020, USA[37]

Case–control

2679 adults aged 18 to 75 with LTBI vs. 2506 LTBI-free controls

Using the Northwestern Medicine Enterprise Data Warehouse, in a large metropolitan healthcare system, between 1 January 2000 and 1 January 2020

N/A

Positive tuberculin skin test and/or interferon-γ release assay (T Spot, QuantiFERON)

Hypertension

People with LTBI had a significantly higher risk of developing hypertension (HR 2.0, 95% CI, 1.6–2.5, P < 0.001) than controls without LTBI