Fig. 2
From: Potential molecular mechanism underlying cardiac fibrosis in diabetes mellitus: a narrative review
Interrelated biological mechanism schematic pathways of cardiac fibrosis in hyperglycemia setting lead to heart failure. Long-term hyperglycemia affects cardiac fibroblast activation via inflammatory chemokines, ROS, miRNA, Smad, MAPK, or TGF-β pathways. Cardiac fibrosis is resulted from the increased collagen deposition in the extracellular matrix leading to heart failure