Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients
Parameter | (n = 60) | |
|---|---|---|
Age | 62.8 ± 10.4 | |
Gender | Male | 43 (71.7%) |
Co-morbidities | ||
DM | 30 (50.0%) | |
HTN | 37 (61.7%) | |
COPD | 8 (13.3%) | |
VHD | 9 (15.0%) | |
CAD | 14 (23.3%) | |
Cardiomyopathy | 28 (46.7%) | |
CLD | 6 (10.0%) | |
AF | 13 (21.7%) | |
Smoking | 22 (36.7%) | |
CABG | 0 (0.0%) | |
PCI | 4 (6.7%) | |
Complain | ||
Orthopnea | 47 (78.3%) | |
Drowsiness | 8 (13.3%) | |
Syncope | 10 (16.7%) | |
Shortness of breath | 54 (90.0%) | |
Palpitation | 10 (16.7%) | |
Chest pain | 9 (15.0%) | |
Presentation | ||
Acute pulmonary edema | 26 (43.3%) | |
Generalized anasarca | 17 (28.3%) | |
Cardiogenic shock | 13 (21.7%) | |
HF etiology | ||
ACS | 14 (23.3%) | |
Systemic infection | 8 (13.3%) | |
Severe HTN | 4 (6.7%) | |
Rapid AF | 10 (16.7%) | |
Complete heart block | 7 (11.7%) | |
Valvular heart disease | 8 (13.3%) | |
Anemia | 2 (3.3%) | |
Ventricular arrhythmia | 1 (1.7%) | |
Acute exacerbation of chronic HF | 16 (26.7%) | |
Treatment | ||
ACEIS | 36 (60.0%) | |
BB | 40 (66.7%) | |
MRA | 36 (60.0%) | |
Diuretics | 59 (98.3%) | |
Inotropics | 20 (33.3%) | |
Vasopressors | 13 (21.7%) | |
ECG | ||
ST–T wave changes | 22 (36.7%) | |
AF | 16 (26.7%) | |
Complete heart block | 7 (11.7%) | |
Left BBB | 19 (31.7%) | |
LVH | 1 (1.7%) | |
ECHO | ||
Median EF | 39.5 (18–55) | |
SWMA | 25 (41.7%) | |
Valvular disease | 45 (75.0%) | |
Diastolic dysfunction | 10 (16.7%) | |
Right-sided heart failure | 6 (10.0%) | |