Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of the study population
Variables | Number (%) or mean ± SD (n = 195) |
|---|---|
Age | 57.7 ± 10.9 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.5 ± 5.3 |
Male gender | 146 (74.9) |
Smoking | |
Non-smoker | 66 (33.8) |
Current smoker | 89 (45.6) |
Ex-smoker | 40 (20.5) |
HF duration | |
< 1 month | 70 (43.8) |
> 1 month—< 1 year | 48 (30) |
1–5 year(s) | 31 (19.4) |
> 5 years | 11 (6.7) |
Comorbidities | |
HTN | 97 (49.7) |
DM | 106 (54.4) |
CAD | 157 (80.5) |
Previous PCI/CABG | 48 (24.6) |
Previous cardiac arrest | 4 (2.1) |
Chronic chest disease | 46 (23.6) |
Renal impairment | 84 (43.1) |
ESKD on regular dialysis | 4 (2.1) |
Previous CVA | 25 (12.8) |
Previous exposure to chemotherapy | 4 (2.1) |
Thyroid disorders | 6 (3.1) |
PAD | 18 (9.2) |
Known liver disease | 8 (4.1) |
Old DVT | 3 (1.5) |
Peptic ulcer | 5 (2.6) |
Autoimmune disease | 3 (1.5) |
Clinical presentation | |
HF functional class | |
NYHA class III | 15 (7.7) |
NYHA class IV | 163 (83.6) |
Cardiogenic shock | 17 (8.7) |
Chest pain | 117 (60.3) |
SBP (mmHg) | 118.2 ± 28 |
DBP (mmHg) | 72.9 ± 15.7 |
HR (bpm) | 95.7 ± 23.4 |