Table 1 Examples of endovascular approach to congenital portosystemic shunts
From: Off-label use of muscular VSD device for closure of a rare congenital portosystemic shunt
Year | Type of publication/number of patients | Author | Service provided by | Presenting manifestation | Age | Size of the shunt | Type of occluding device |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | Case report/1 | Kuo et al | Interventional radiology | Progressive cyanosis | 11 years | 14 mm | Graded closure using covered stents to allow growth of portal veins followed by complete closure by vascular plug |
2012 | Case report/1 | Passalacqua et al | Interventional Radiology | Progressive cyanosis | 3 years | 10 mm | Vascular plug 10 mm |
2013 | Case Series/4 | Bruckheimer et al | Pediatric cardiology | Four patients all presenting with hepatic encephalopathy | 2.5 years, 4 years, 8 and 10 years | Not reported | Graded closure using covered stents followed by duct occluder |
2017 | Case report/1 | AlHarbi et al | Pediatric Cardiology and Interventional radiology | Hepatic encephalopathy | 1 month-old | 4 mm | Duct occluder 12 × 6 mm |
2017 | Case series/2 | Tomiyama et al | Pediatric Radiology | Two patients presenting with Hepatic encephalopathy | 75 and 83 years old | Not reported | 22- and 14-mm vascular plugs, respectively |
2021 | Case report/1 | Facas et al | Interventional Radiology | Asymptomatic: during routine screening of liver functions before isotretinoin therapy for acne | 15 years | 16 mm | 16 mm atrial septal occluder followed by 14 mm vascular plug |
2021 | Case report/1 | Shnayder et al | Interventional Radiology | Hepatic encephalopathy | 2 years | 14 mm | 18 mm patent foramen ovale device |
2022 | Case series/21 | Koneti et al | Pediatric cardiology | 11 with progressive cyanosis 6 with pulmonary hypertension 2 with hepatic encephalopathy 2 with pulmonary hypertension and progressive cyanosis | 0.45 to 19 years | 7–16 mm | Ten with vascular plugs Six with muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD)device Four by septal occluder Graded closure using covered stents followed by Muscular VSD One by duct occluder |