Skip to main content
The Egyptian Heart Journal
Download PDF

Effect of Amlodipine/Nebivolol combination therapy on central BP and PWV compared to Amlodipine/Valsartan combination therapy

The Egyptian Heart Journal volume 74, Article number: 15 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and central blood pressure (CBP) have been intoduced into managment of hypertensive patients. PWV is positively correlated with arterial wall stiffness while central aortic pressure becomes better predictor of cardiovascular outcome than peripheral pressure. Reduction in CBP provides protective properties against subclinical organ damage. This work aims to investigate the effect of a new combination therapy of Amlodipine/Nebivolol (A/N) on central BP, peripheral BP and PWV. The results of using this combination will be compared to the well-established fixed-dose combination of Amlodipine/Valsartan (A/V). The study conducted between October 2018 and August 2020. One hundred and two hypertensive patients were assigned for Amlodipine 10 mg/Valsartan 160 mg combination therapy (A/V, n = 52) or Amlodipine 10 mg/Nebivolol 5 mg combination therapy (A/N, n = 50) by simple 1:1 randomization. Office, central blood pressure and PWV were measured on first (0 week), second (4–8 weeks) and third visit (10–12). Difference in BP (in each arm and between arms) was calculated along all visits.

Results

No statistical significant difference was found between A/V and A/N regarding age, gender, BMI and CV history. OBP, CBP and PWV were significantly reduced in each arm, but no differences were found when comparing both arm results to each other. Recorded side effects were insignificant.

Conclusions

The new combination therapy Amlodipine/Nebivolol (A/N) affords a significant reduction in CBP, PBP and PWV with minor and tolerable side effects. It has provided comparable results to Amlodipine/Valsartan (A/V) combination therapy.

Background

Central aortic pressure (CBP) becomes a better predictor of cardiovascular outcome than peripheral pressure, particularly in individuals with prominent pulse pressure (PP) amplification [1, 2]. Reduction in CBP by some antihypertensive drugs provides protective properties against subclinical organ damage [3]. CBP was initially measured directly by using invasive devices, and then, other methods have been established to assess central pressures based on analyses of carotid and radial pulses or carotid distension waves [4]. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) may predict the cardiovascular mortality and morbidity of hypertensive patients [5]. PWV becomes a marker for arterial stiffness and is associated with atherosclerosis of the aorta. Higher arterial PWV values represent greater stiffness. Its monitoring through a noninvasive method is a useful way of evaluating the degree of atherosclerosis and predicting all-cause and cardiovascular mortality [6]. According to previous data [7, 8], some antihypertensive medications have been shown to influence arterial stiffness with different degrees of effect. This work aims to investigate the effect of a new combination of Amlodipine/Nebivolol (A/N) on central BP and PWV compared to the well-established fixed-dose combination of Amlodipine/Valsartan (A/V).

Methods

This is a prospective open-label randomized study which aims to investigate the effect of Amlodipine 10 mg/Nebivolol 5 mg (A/N) combination therapy in comparison with Amlodipine 10 mg/Valsartan 160 mg (A/V) on central hemodynamics parameters. The study was conducted in a hypertension clinic in hospital between October 2018 and August 2020. All moderate to severe adult hypertensive patients were included. Patients with contraindication to Amlodipine, Valsartan and Nebivolol or pregnant, lactating women or females of childbearing potential not practicing contraception were excluded. The included hypertensive patients were either newly diagnosed or previously received antihypertensive medications and still with uncontrolled hypertension (Table 1). Antihypertensive medications were substituted with either of the suggested combination through the randomization process. Patients were randomized by stratifying according to age (≥ 55 years old) and sex then by simple 1:1 randomization. One hundred and twenty-eight hypertensive patients were assigned for Amlodipine 10 mg/Valsartan 160 mg combination therapy (A/V) or Amlodipine 10 mg/Nebivolol 5 mg combination therapy (A/N). Twenty-six patients were excluded over follow-up visits (Fig. 1). Statistical analysis was applied on the final number of patients; one hundred and two patients, divided as: 52 patients in A/V group and 50 patients in A/N group. Office, central blood pressure and hemodynamics parameters were measured on first (0 weeks), second (4–6 weeks) and third visit (10–12 weeks). Difference in BP (in each group and between groups) was calculated across the three separate visits. At the third visit, ambulatory blood pressure (AMBP) was done for patients with uncontrolled blood pressure to exclude white coat hypertension (WCH). Orthostatic hypotension, rash, headache were looked for as a side effects for treatments in follow-up visits.

Table 1 Baseline patients’ characteristics
Full size table
Fig. 1
figure 1

Study protocol. *Diagnosis is permitted by office BP using calibrated mercury sphygmomanometer for all patients and by Mobil-O-Graph for CBP

Full size image

Demographic data and past medical history collected. Assessment of hypertension-mediated organ damage was accomplished by 12-lead ECG, echocardiography, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and fundus examination. Echocardiography was performed for all patients in the left lateral position in multiple windows using PHILIPS HD11 and VIVID S5 GE machine. Ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular (LV) dimensions, septal and posterior wall thickness and valvular affection were obtained. Diastolic dysfunction was also assessed. Albumin-to-creatinine ratio was used as a marker for nephropathy assessment. LVH was detected by ECG and echocardiography.

A/V combination is a single-pill combination was administrated on fixed daily dose, day or night, while A/N combination is a two-pill combination were administrated separately on fixed times. Amlodipine 10 mg is administrated at day time while Nebivolol 5 mg is administrated at night.

Diagnosis, patient’s inclusion and follow-up visits depended on office blood pressure readings. Three office blood pressure measurements were obtained by properly calibrated mercury sphygmomanometer at each visit by the same operator. A standard operating procedure for measuring BP was followed [9,10,11]. For each patient, BP was measured twice at 30-s intervals. Central blood pressure was measured by the Mobil-O-Graph®—the 24-h PWA Monitor calibrated device [12]. Measurement range of this device is 60–290 mmHg for systolic and 30–195 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure, pressure range (0 to 300 mmHg) and pulse range (30–240 bpm). The device uses an oscillometric method and its accuracy level is ± 3 mmHg. The device measures the brachial systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and then, the cuff re‐inflates at the level of the diastolic blood pressure for approximately 10 s. The sensor records brachial pressure waveforms. An aortic pulse wave is then derived by using a generalized transfer function. Several pressure and cardiovascular parameters including AIx are computed by using the ARCSolver algorithm [13].

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using the software, Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS Inc. Released 2009, PASW Statistics for Windows, version 18.0: SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Frequency distribution, as a percentage and descriptive statistics in the form of mean and standard deviation, was calculated. Chi-square, t-test and correlations were done in order to compare the two groups in relation to age, gender, BMI, HTN, DM, dyslipidemia, AF and smoking; P values of less than 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

We tested data normality before conducting the analysis, and the data were normally distributed

Baseline data

Demographic data and patients’ characteristics

Baseline patients’ characteristics were comparable between both groups. No statistical significant difference was found between A/V and A/N regarding age, gender, BMI and CV history (Table 1).

Echocardiographic baseline data

Echocardiographic baseline data in both groups showed no statistically significant difference (Table 2). Ejection fraction and myocardium dimension were normal in both A/V and A/N groups. Diastolic dysfunction (DD) was higher in A/N group; P = 0.006.

Table 2 Baseline investigations and target organ damage
Full size table

Target organ damage baseline and laboratory investigations

No statistically significant difference was found between groups regarding target organ damage (TOD), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), retinopathy, stroke and nephropathy. P values are illustrated in Table 2. Mean values of CH, TG, LDL and HDL did not show statistically significant difference in both A/V and A/N; P = 0.355, P = 0.808, P = 0.786 and P = 0.505. Al/Cr ratio and fundus examination also did not show significant difference in both groups (Table 2).

Baseline blood pressure

Office blood pressure (OBP) and CBP had no statistically significant difference between both groups. Mean OBP value was 158.3 ± 15.0/99.9 ± 8.4 in A/V vs. 154.7 ± 12.3/97.7 ± 6.1 in A/N (Table 3). Mean value of CBP was 135.9 ± 14.7/93.6 ± 11.4 in A/V and 135.2 ± 11.3/91.5 ± 9.5 in A/N. PBP was not statistically significant in both groups. PWV, AIX, HR and PP were not statistically different; P = 0.443, P = 0.236, P = 0.039 and P = 0.730, Table 3.

Table 3 Central and peripheral blood pressure at each visit
Full size table

After treatment data

Changes in blood pressure between visits (baseline, second and third)

  1. i.

    Office Blood Pressure (OBP)

OBP difference between all visits showed no statistically significant difference between both groups; P sys = 0.168 and P dys = 0.936, Tables 3 and 4. However, difference between (Sys2–Sys1/dys2–dys1), (Sys3–Sys2/dys3–dys2) and (Sys3–Sys1/dys3–dys1) was statistically significant within each group (Fig. 2).

  1. ii.

    Central Blood Pressure (CBP)

Table 4 Difference in BP over follow-up visits
Full size table
Fig. 2
figure 2

Mean differences of BP within the same group and between groups

Full size image

CBP difference between all visits did not reveal statistically significant difference between A/V and A/N group; P sys = 0.331and P dys = 0.318. For each group, reduction in CBP in every visit was statistically significant compared to the previous one (Fig. 2, Table 4).

Reduction in HR was statistically significant only in A/N group; P value of HR 3–HR 1 = 0.017. No statistical difference was found regarding PP between both groups; P = 0.155 (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Mean differences of central hemodynamics within the same group and between groups

Full size image

Changes in central hemodynamics between visits (baseline, second and third)

Difference in PWV was not significant between groups; P = 0.379, while difference within A/N group was statistically significant (P value of PWV 2–PWV 1 = 0.000), (P value of PWV 3–PWV 2 = 0.003) and (P value of PWV 3–PWV 1 = 0.000) (Fig. 3). AIX also did not show a significant difference between groups; P = 0.803. AIX difference within A/N group (AIX 3–AIX 2) and (AIX 3–AIX 1) was statistically significant; P = 0.003 and P = 0.000 (Fig. 3).

Safety monitoring during treatment

In A/N, 6 patients had lower limb edema. One patient had headache and no cases of rash were reported. Eight patients in A/V had lower limb edema; two patients had headache and no rash cases were reported.

Excluded patients during the study

Across the three follow-up visits, 15 patients were excluded from A/N group and 11 from A/V group, due to lack of patient compliance to treatment or because they had already started taking other medications such as NSAID or alpha-agonist drugs.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first study to address the safety and efficacy of Amlodipine/Nebivolol (A/N) combination itself or to compare it with the well-established combination of Amlodipine/Valsartan (A/V). BP reduction in hypertensive patients is associated with a lower rate of cardiovascular events[12]. Combination of A/N showed significant reduction of office and central BP through all visits (P = 0.000) (Table 3). Central BP reduction was accompanied with decrease in PWV over the second and third visit. This result is attributed to the combined vasodilatory effect of Amlodipine with Nebivolol through releasing nitric oxide and improving the endothelial function, which reduces arterial stiffness (AS) [8]. Long-term use of Nebivolol showed promising results regarding CBP and AS compared to other b-blockers [13,14,15,16,17]. Rather than Nebivolol, other types of B-blocker were inferior compared to ARBs [18]. Significant effect of Amlodipine on brachial and central BP had been investigated in previous studies. Improvement of AIX was notable [16, 19, 20]. Amlodipine effect in A/V combination therapy on central BP and PWV has been established before [21, 22]. Patients in A/V group in the current study had results, which agree with previously published data. Significant reduction in brachial and central BP was obtained within A/V group, while patients in A/N group had comparable results to those in A/V group regarding OBP, CBP and PWV (Figs. 2, 3). CBP difference (Sys3-1/Dys3-1) in A/V was − 22.5 ± 16.6/− 14.8 ± 12.8 mmHg vs. − 20.8 ± 15.0/− 12.3 ± 11.0 mmHg in A/N group.

Target OBP (< 140/90) was not obtained in four patients in A/N group versus five patients in A/V group (140/80, 140/80, 140/85 and 150/100 vs. 140/80, 140/85, 140/85, 150/80 and 160/90). Ambulatory blood pressure (AMBP) was done for those patients to exclude white coat hypertension (WCH); this revealed two patients with white coat hypertension in A/N versus one patient in A/V group. Patients with WCH in the A/N group had uncontrolled AMBP during night times only. This result could be attributed to the morning administration of Amlodipine instead of night administration. Flack et al. [23] had discussed the effect of single daily antihypertensive drug in comparison with twice daily administration on blood pressure variability. This study concluded that long acting drugs provided high trough-to-peak ratio which allowed better BP control during the nighttime and early morning hours. This eliminates the need to use high dose of short acting drugs to obtain high trough-to-peak ratio; this will lead to fewer adverse events. The timing of the drug administration also can affect the early morning surge in BP which eventually decreases the blood pressure variability. Theoretically, A/N could have intermediate to high trough-to-peak ratio; however, Amlodipine has longer duration of action than Nebivolol. Night administration of Amlodipine would be contributed to better coverage until early morning.

PWV values are affected by aging process [24, 25], impaired Glucose level [26], obesity [27] and smoking [28, 29], but not by gender which agrees with previously published studies. Both A/V and A/N revealed no difference in baseline age or gender (P = 0.382 and P = 0.722). Diabetes, dyslipidemia, BMI and smoking status are comparable in both groups. Patients on A/N combination had significant reduction in PWV; this was revealed through the three follow-up visits (P = 0.000) with no final statistical difference in comparison with those on A/V (P = 0.379).

Using AIx as a co-marker for AS [30, 31]) in hypertensive patients could provide more knowledge about patient vascular aging in status versus the real biological aging. In our study, AIx decreased over the second and the third visit in each group with no statistical difference between both groups (P = 0.803).

Reduction in HR was significant only within A/N patients (P = 0.017), but not between both groups (P = 0.155). Baseline HR was not statistically different between both groups; A/V HR = 80.8 ± 14.5 and A/N HR = 74.9 ± 14.2 (P = 0.039).

Increased PP is a significant risk factor for development of heart disease and vital organ damage especially the brain and the kidneys; a 10 mmHg increase in the pulse pressure raises the cardiovascular risk by as much as 20% [32]. Wide PP (> 100 mmHg) is associated with extensive cardiovascular disease and is an independent predictor of disease progression and all-cause mortality [33–35]. Values of baseline PP in both groups A/V and A/N were not wide (53.7 ± 191.1 and 55.2 ± 18.0; P = 0.730). PP values were decreased significantly within A/N over the three follow-up visits, but not in A/V group (P = 0.002) vs. (P = 0.234) (Fig. 3).

A/N combination had a low rate of minor side effects such as lower limb edema and headache as in A/V group. Orthostatic hypotension was reported in three elderly patients in A/N group at the second week after starting the treatment and disappeared in the following visits. This could be attributed to the combined vasodilatory effect of Nebivolol and Amlodipine.

Future directs

A/N combination would be investigated in hypertensive patients with ischemic heart disease or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Limitations

Since A/N is a newly proposed fixed-dose combination therapy which is not available in the form of a single-pill combination, Nebivolol 5 mg and Amlodipine 10 mg were administrated as two pills. The administration time of both pills is fixed through the day, but it may be affected by patient commitment and compliance at home, which may impact the timing of the two drugs release throughout the day. Finally, the single-center trial was another limitation; larger sample size and multicenter trials are needed to provide more comprehensive results.

Conclusions

The new combination therapy Amlodipine/Nebivolol (A/N) affords a significant reduction in CBP, PBP and PWV with minor and tolerable side effects. It has provided comparable results to the well-known Amlodipine/Valsartan (A/V) combination therapy.

Availability of data and materials

Available upon request.

Abbreviations

AMBP:

Ambulatory blood pressure

A/V:

Amlodipine 10 mg/Valsartan 160 mg

A/N:

Amlodipine 10 mg/Nebivolol 5 mg

AS:

Arterial stiffness

AIX:

Augmentation index

CBP:

Central aortic pressure

DD:

Diastolic dysfunction

EF:

Ejection fraction

HR:

Heart rate

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

LV:

Left ventricular

LVH:

Left ventricular hypertrophy

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

OBP:

Office blood pressure

PP:

Pulse pressure

PWV:

Pulse wave velocity

TOD:

Target organ damage

CH:

Total cholesterol

TG:

Triglycerides

WCH:

White coat hypertension

References

  1. Cheng HM, Chuang SY, Wang TD, Kario K, Buranakitjaroen P, Chia YC et al (2020) Central blood pressure for the management of hypertension: is it a practical clinical tool in current practice? J Clin Hypertens 22:391–406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Cheng H-M, Park S, Huang Q, Hoshide S, Wang J-G, Kario K et al (2017) Vascular aging and hypertension: implications for the clinical application of central blood pressure. Int J Cardiol 230:209–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Agabiti-Rosei E, Mancia G, O’Rourke MF, Roman MJ, Safar ME, Smulyan H et al (2007) Central blood pressure measurements and antihypertensive therapy: a consensus document. Hypertension 50(1):154–160

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, Boutouyrie P, Giannattasio C, Hayoz D et al (2006) Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. 27:2588–2605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ichihara A, Hayashi M, Koura Y, Tada Y, Hirota N, Saruta T (2003) Long-term effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on arterial wall stiffness in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 16:959–965

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Van Popele NM, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, Asmar R, Topouchian J, Reneman RS et al (2001) Association between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam study. Stroke 32(2):454–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Janić M, Lunder M, Šabovič M (2014) Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular therapy. Biomed Res Int 2014:621437. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/621437

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Dudenbostel T, Glasser SP (2012) Effects of antihypertensive drugs on arterial stiffness. Cardiol Rev 20(5):259–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Vischer AS, Burkard T (2021) How should we measure and deal with office blood pressure in 2021? Diagnostics 11(2):235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Guaidline N (2019) Htn—nice. NICE Guideline. 2020

  11. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Rosei EA, Azizi M, Burnier M et al (2018) 2018 practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the European society of cardiology and the European society of hypertension ESC/ESH task force for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. 36:2284–2309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. The Mobil-O-Graph (2018) Operating manual. IEM GmbH, Stolberg. https://www.iem.de/wp-content/uploads/2018_10_17_Mobil-O-Graph_EN_VerB_Website.pdf

  13. Papaioannou TG (2019) Measurement of central augmentation index by three different methods and techniques: agreement among arteriograph, complior, and Mobil-O-Graph devices. J Clin Hypertens 21:1386–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Chi C, Yu X, Auckle R, Lu Y, Fan X, Yu S et al (2017) Hypertensive target organ damage is better associated with central than brachial blood pressure: the Northern Shanghai Study. J Clin Hypertens. 19:1269–1275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Studinger P, Tabák ÁG, Chen CH, Salvi P, Othmane TEH, Torzsa P et al (2013) The Effect of low-dose carvedilol, nebivolol, and metoprolol on central arterial pressure and its determinants: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Hypertens. 15:910–917

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kampus P, Serg M, Kals J, Zagura M, Muda P, Karu K et al (2011) Differential effects of nebivolol and metoprolol on central aortic pressure and left ventricular wall thickness. Hypertension. 57:1122–1128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Dhakam Z, McEniery CM, Yasmin Cockcroft JR, Brown MJ, Wilkinson IB (2006) Atenolol and eprosartan: differential effects on central blood pressure and aortic pulse wave velocity. Am J Hypertens 19(2):214–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.08.007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Morgan T, Lauri J, Bertram D, Anderson A (2004) Effect of different antihypertensive drug classes on central aortic pressure. Am J Hypertens 17(2):118–123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mahmud A (2007) Reducing arterial stiffness and wave reflection—quest for the Holy Grail? Artery Res 1(1):13–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Protogerou A, Stergiou G, Vlachopoulos C, Blacher J, Achimastos A (2009) The effect of antihypertensive drugs on central blood pressure beyond peripheral blood pressure. Part II: evidence for specific class-effects of antihypertensive drugs on pressure amplification. Curr Pharm Des. 15:272–289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Deary AJ, Schumann AL, Murfet H, Haydock SF, Foo RS-Y, Brown MJ (2002) Double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover comparison of five classes of antihypertensive drugs. J Hypertens. 20(4):771–777. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200204000-00037

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Manisty CH, Zambanini A, Parker KH, Davies JE, Francis DP, Mayet J et al (2009) Differences in the magnitude of wave reflection account for differential effects of amlodipine- versus atenolol-based regimens on central blood pressure: an anglo-scandinavian cardiac outcome trial substudy. Hypertension 54(4):724–730

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ichihara A, Kaneshiro Y, Takemitsu T, Sakoda M (2006) Effects of amlodipine and valsartan on vascular damage and ambulatory blood pressure in untreated hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens. 20:787–794

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Shi R, Liu K, Shi D, Liu Q, Chen X (2017) Effects of amlodipine and valsartan on blood pressure variability and pulse wave velocity in hypertensive patients. Am J Med Sci 353(1):6–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Flack JM, Nasser SA (2011) Benefits of once-daily therapies in the treatment of hypertension. Vasc Health Risk Manag 7(1):777–787

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Diaz A, Tringler M, Wray S, Ramirez AJ, Cabrera Fischer EI (2018) The effects of age on pulse wave velocity in untreated hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 20:258–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Cuomo F, Roccabianca S, Dillon-Murphy D, Xiao N, Humphrey JD, Figueroa CA (2017) Effects of age-associated regional changes in aortic stiffness on human hemodynamics revealed by computational modeling. PLoS ONE 12:e0173177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Ando T, Okada S, Niijima Y, Hashimoto K, Shimizu H, Tsuchiya T et al (2010) Impaired glucose tolerance, but not impaired fasting glucose, is a risk factor for early-stage atherosclerosis. Diabet Med. 27:1430–1435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Rider OJ, Tayal U, Francis JM, Ali MK, Robinson MR, Byrne JP et al (2010) The effect of obesity and weight loss on aortic pulse wave velocity as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Obesity. 18:2311–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Doonan RJ, Hausvater A, Scallan C, Mikhailidis DP, Pilote L, Daskalopoulou SS (2010) The effect of smoking on arterial stiffness. Hypertens Res. 33:398–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Mahmud A, Feely J (2003) Effect of smoking on arterial stiffness and pulse pressure amplification. Hypertension. 41:183–187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Matsui Y, Kario K, Ishikawa J, Eguchi K, Hoshide S, Shimada K (2004) Reproducibility of arterial stiffness indices (pulse wave velocity and augmentation index) simultaneously assessed by automated pulse wave analysis and their associated risk factors in essential hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res. 27:851–857

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Yasmin, Brown MJ (1999) Similarities and differences between augmentation index and pulse wave velocity in the assessment of arterial stiffness. QJM Mon J Assoc Physicians 92:595–600

  34. Homan TD, Cichowski E (2019) Physiology, pulse pressure. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed…

  35. Tang KS, Medeiros ED, Shah AD (2020) Wide pulse pressure: a clinical review. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 22(11):1960–1967

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We wish to acknowledge the help of Dr. Arafa A., Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine Beni-Suef University, Graduate school of Medicine Osaka University, for providing the statistical analysis. Ahmed011172@med.bsu.edu.eg.

Funding

We declare that we do not receive funding for this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiology Department, Beni-Suef University Hospital, Beni-Suef City, 62511, Egypt

    El-Zahraa M. Sultan

  2. Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City, 62511, Egypt

    Hoda Rabea

  3. Department of Pharmacy Practice, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmed A. Elberry

  4. Beni-Suef University Hospital, Beni-Suef City, 62511, Egypt

    Hesham B. Mahmoud

Authors
  1. El-Zahraa M. Sultan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hoda Rabea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ahmed A. Elberry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hesham B. Mahmoud
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

HM was involved in conceptualization, methodology, and writing, reviewing and editing. ZS was responsible for conceptualization, investigation, data curation and writing the original draft. AE and HR participated in writing, review and editing, andvisualization. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to El-Zahraa M. Sultan.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study protocol was approved by Research Ethical Committee of Beni-Suef University Faculty of Medicine (FM-BSU-REC). FM-BSU-REC is organized and operated according to guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, International Conference of Harmonization ICH and United States Codes of Federal Regulations and resisted in under the Federal Wide Assurance (FWA) for the protection of Human Subjects (FWA#: FWA00015574 and Expires: 04/09/2023). All participating patients in the study signed an informed consent and their privacy rights were observed.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

We declare that we do not have competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sultan, EZ.M., Rabea, H., Elberry, A.A. et al. Effect of Amlodipine/Nebivolol combination therapy on central BP and PWV compared to Amlodipine/Valsartan combination therapy. Egypt Heart J 74, 15 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43044-022-00254-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43044-022-00254-0

Keywords