Skip to main content
The Egyptian Heart Journal
Download PDF

Patient adherence to antihypertensive medications in upper Egypt: a cross-sectional study

The Egyptian Heart Journal volume 72, Article number: 29 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Control of hypertension is a very difficult issue. Non-adherence to medications is a well-recognized factor contributing to uncontrolled hypertension. It is required to detect factors that affect adherence of patients to antihypertensive medications at different societies and good planning with the collaboration of governments, universities, media, pharmaceutical companies, and civil society to create intervention programs ensuring good adherence to medications. In our study, we aimed to determine different factors affecting adherence to antihypertensive medications in Upper Egypt societies.

Results

From September 2015 to September 2019, we conducted a large cross-sectional multi-center study among 2420 hypertensive patients attending the out-patient cardiac clinics at three different university hospitals. Data was collected through a personal interview with the patients using a questionnaire to cover a variety of items.

In the total of 2420 patients, we found that 1116 (46.12%) patients were adherent to medications and 1304 (53.88%) were non-adherent. From the final regression analysis of the results, we found that age > 65 years, illiterate patients, low income, associated comorbidities, using three or more antihypertensive pills, and living in rural areas were statistically significant socio-demographic factors associated with non-adherence to treatment. Also, missing doses of medication and lack of complying with dietary regimen were statistically significant behavioral causes associated with non-adherence.

Conclusion

Many factors are predictors of good adherence to antihypertensive drugs, including young age, urban residence, a smaller number of pills, absence of comorbid conditions, high income, and high education level. Also missed doses of drugs and absence of complies with dietary regimen were the significant causes of non-adherence. Health institutions and governmental efforts should be directed toward improving adherence by creating effective intervention programs targeting these factors. Therefore, it might be concluded that patients who are more health ware are more adherent to medications than non-health aware patients.

Background

Hypertension is one of the major preventable risk factors for increasing cardiovascular disease and stroke morbidity and mortality [1]. Treatment of hypertension needs both antihypertensive drugs and lifestyle modifications. Studies have detected that a significant number of hypertensive patients do not achieve the target levels for control of hypertension [2].

Non-adherence to antihypertensive medication is a major cause of uncontrolled hypertension [3]. Medication adherence is defined as to which extent the patients take their medication as prescribed by their health care providers [4]. Decreased adherence to medication is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in many chronic diseases [5,6,7]; therefore, it is important to assess the adherence to medication when interpreting clinical outcomes of chronic diseases. To improve the control rate of hypertension, it is important to increase patient adherence to antihypertensive medications.

Many studies evaluating factors affecting the adherence to medication were reviewed by Krousel-Wood et al. who concluded that medication adherence may be affected by many factors as sex, age, race, income level, education level, side effects of medication, patient knowledge, awareness, belief, attitudes, depression, and national health care system [8].

Detecting factors affecting adherence to medication in a certain population and developing intervention programs to increase antihypertensive medication adherence based on these factors are very important to increase the control rate of hypertension. Most of the existing studies for the assessment of adherence to antihypertensive medication were carried out on a small population or in small clinical settings, that is not enough to define the adherence rate of a larger population, such as national population, this is because measuring medication adherence is by using pharmacy refill records, and other measures such as electronic compliance monitoring, measuring of serum drug levels, physiologic drug effects, patient self-report, and clinician assessment can be applied only in clinical settings [9, 10].

This study was conducted to determine factors affecting antihypertensive medication adherence in Upper Egypt.

Methods

Aim of the study

This study was conducted to determine factors affecting antihypertensive medication adherence in Upper Egypt.

Design of the study

From September 2015 to September 2019, we conducted a large cross-sectional multi-center study among 2420 hypertensive patients attending the out-patient cardiac clinics at three different university hospitals (Sohag, South Valley, and Beni Suef University Hospitals). All subjects provided a written informed consent to participate in the study. The study protocol was approved by the ethical committee at the universities where the study was conducted.

Data was collected through a personal interview with the patients using a modified non-adherence to treatment questionnaire [11] to cover a variety of items including socio-demographic factors (age, sex, marital status, occupation, education level, income, residence, number of pills, and associated comorbidities such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases) as predictors of adherence with medication regimen and behavioral factors (missing doses of medication, lack of motivation to be cured, not having enough time for exercise, lack of complying with dietary regimen, and lack of motivation to stop smoking) as causes of non-adherence with medication regimen. Adherence was calculated only for antihypertensive medications, and concomitant medications, such as for diabetes or dyslipidemia, were not considered.

Income was classified into three categories according to the individual income per year 1, low income (less than 8827 Egyptian pounds); 2, moderate income (from 8827 to 58900 Egyptian pounds); 3, high income (more than 58900 Egyptian pounds) [12, 13]. Level of education was classified into three categories 1, illiterate; 2, primary/secondary; 3, higher (university).

A pilot study was carried out on 300 persons chosen randomly (100 patients at each University Hospital) to estimate the time required for each interview and to identify difficulties that may arise, how to deal with and how to organize perfectly the field of work.

Medication regimen adherence was composed of 8 items, asking how often the patients forget to take their medicine: (1) How often do you forget to take your medicine? (2) How often do you stop taking your medicine because you feel better? (3) How often do you stop taking your medicine because you feel worse? (4) How often do you stop taking the medication because you believe that they are ineffective? (5) How often do you stop taking your medicine because you fear side effects? Or have caused side effect, dizziness/weakness. (6) How often do you stop taking medicine because you try to avoid addiction? (7) How often do you stop the medication because you are using traditional medicine (healer) or religious belief? (8) How often do you stop the medication because of cost of medication? The responses were measured on a 4-point Likert scale: (1) every day, (2) frequently, (3) rarely, and (4) never. Lifestyle modification adherence had 4 items: (1) How often do you smoke? (2) How often do you engage in physical exercise? (3) How often do you eat table salt? (4) How often do you eat meat with high animal fat? We excluded a question asking about alcohol consumption, as all the participants denied consuming alcohol at all, and this could result in a bias of the adherence rate, as all the participants will get 4 points for this question. In our community, even if the patient is consuming alcohol, he may deny that due to social, traditional, and religious factors. So, our questionnaire was composed of 12 items [10, 11]. Participants were asked to respond to the single question based on a 4-point Likert scale: how often desirable or undesirable behaviors relating to the control of hypertension. The responses were (1) every day, (2) frequently, (3) rarely, and (4) never. Some questions were set such that the response “every day” did not reflect the worst scenario of non-adherence, but it reflects the best scenario. To resolve this, these scores were reversed, for example, how often do you engage in physical exercise (4) every day, (3) frequently, (2) rarely, and (1) never

The 12 items measuring treatment adherence and lifestyle modification adherence were added up to get a sum index with a distribution ranging from 21 to 48 with mean 34 (SD = 5.31), and median split was 34, so the cutoff point of the adherence score for the participants was 34 (70%), which was dichotomized into two gatherings, i.e., 1—those who are non-adherent (≤ 34) and 2—treatment adherent (> 34).

The following formula was used to calculate the minimum size of the required sample for each of the three sites (universities) where the study was conducted:

$$ n={\left(\mathrm{z}\right)}^2\ p\left(1-\mathrm{p}\right)/{\mathrm{d}}^2 $$

where n indicates the sample size, z indicates the level of confidence according to the standard normal distribution (for a level of confidence of 95%, z = 1.96), p indicates the estimated proportion of the population that presents the characteristic (about 26%), d indicates the tolerated margin of error (for example, we want to know the real proportion within 5%).

Using the previous formula for the sample size calculation (n) = (1.96)2 × 0.26 (1−0.26)/(0.05)2 = 296. So, the minimum sample size is 296 participants.

Participant characteristics

All hypertensive patients aged ≥ 18 year, taking antihypertensive treatment for at least 1 month ago and who agreed and consented to participate in the study were included.

Analysis of data

The following formula was used to calculate the minimum sample size: n = (z)2 p (1−p)/d2 as prescribed in the “Methods” section.

The data was analyzed by the SPSS version 19 program for data entry and analysis; information was summarized using frequency tables and cross tabulations. The chi-squared test was used for categorical variables and t test for continuous variables. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression was done to detect socio-demographic and behavioral factors significantly associated with non-adherence. Odds ratio (OR) at 95% confidence interval (CI) and p values were computed. P value was considered significant at or below 0.05.

The outcome variable was treatment adherence, which is comprised of medication regimen and lifestyle modification adherence.

Results

The study was conducted on 2420 hypertensive patients ≥ 18 years old attending cardiac outpatient clinic at Sohag, South Valley and Beni Suef University Hospitals.

As regards adherence rate, 1116 (46.12%) patients were adherent to medications and 1304 (53.88%) were non-adherent (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Adherence rate to medication: 46.12% were adherent and 53.88% were non-adherent

Full size image

The socio-demographic predictors of adherence to medication from the final multivariate logistic regression analysis showed, younger age (< 40 years) was a significant predictor for adherence compared to patients (40-65 years) and patients > 65 years (OR, 7.25; 95% CI, 2.32-22.51; and OR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.45-4.2 respectively; p value < 0.001). Patients with higher education level and patients with a primary/secondary level were more significantly adherent than illiterate (OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.02-4.45; and OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.21-3.9 respectively; p value 0.02). Also, higher income more significantly predicts the adherence than lower income (OR, 4.82; 95% CI, 2.01-9.03; and OR, 2.49; 1.21-4.91 respectively; p value < 0.001). Patients with other comorbid conditions were significantly less adherent to medications (OR, 2.21; 95% CI 1.14-4.34; p value 0.01). We found that patients using one or two antihypertensive pills were significantly more adherent than those using three or more pills (OR, 6.96; 95% CI, 2.71-17.71; and OR, 7.21; 95% CI, 2.63-19.71 respectively; p value < 0.001). Patients live in urban were significantly more adherent than those living in rural (OR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.58-4.93, p value 0.04) (Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4).

Table 1 Distribution of baseline socio-demographic characteristics of participants
Full size table
Table 2 Bivariate analysis of socio-demographic predictors of adherence to medication
Full size table
Table 3 Multivariate analysis of socio-demographic predictors of adherence to medication
Full size table
Table 4 Final regression analysis of socio-demographic predictors of adherence to medication
Full size table

The behavioral causes associated with non-adherence from the final regression analysis showed that, missing doses of medication and lack of comply with dietary regimen were the statistically significant behavioral causes associated with non-adherence (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.27-2.32; and OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.23-1.96 respectively; p value < 0.001) (Tables 5, 6, and 7).

Table 5 Bivariate analysis of behavioral causes associated with non-adherence
Full size table
Table 6 Multivariate analysis of behavioral causes associated with non-adherence
Full size table
Table 7 Final regression analysis of behavioral causes associated with non-adherence
Full size table

Discussion

In the total of 2420 patients included in our study, we found that 1116 (46.12%) patients were adherent to medications and 1304 (53.88%) were non-adherent. We found that age > 65 years, illiterate patients, low income, associated comorbidities, using three or more antihypertensive pills, and living in rural areas were socio-demographic predictors of non-adherence. Missing doses of medication and lack of complying with dietary regimen were the behavioral causes significantly associated with non-adherence to treatment.

In our study, we found a lower adherence rate (46.12%) compared with that reported in previous studies conducted in other countries as China 2002 (51.7% adherence rate), the USA 2015 (67.6%), Korea 2018 (81.7%), and Pakistan 2007 (77%), and lower than the optimal rate of antihypertensive medication adherence estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2003 which ranges from 50 to 70%. But the rate of adherence in our study was comparable to the adherence rate found in a study conducted in Palestine in 2015 (adherence rate 45.8%) that reflects a poor health environment and culture in our societies [14,15,16,17,18,19].

In the elderly, we found that fewer patients are adherent to medications as compared to other elderly patients, which was similar to that shown in a cross-sectional study conducted in Turkey in 2012 [20]. While another study conducted in Saudi Arabia in 2015 showed that there was no relationship between age and medication noncompliance [21]. But a population-based study conducted in Bangladesh on 29,960 hypertensive patients in 2014 showed that compliance to medication increased as the age increased [22]. Other studies in different countries reported that older age was shown to be associated with better treatment adherence among hypertensive patients and this was explained by the perceived susceptibility and severity of the disease [16, 23,24,25]. Our result could be explained by the absence of good geriatric health care programs and geriatric clinics in Upper Egypt.

In our study, the level of education was a significant predictor of medication adherence, as the patients with higher education level showed a higher adherence rate. Similar results were reported by other studies conducted in different developing countries as Pakistan in 2007, Palestine in 2013, and the United Arab Emirates in 2015 [17, 26, 27]. Nunes et al. reported in their study that there was no association between education level and treatment compliance [28].

Higher income was significantly associated with good adherence to treatment in our study matched with the results of some studies as Vawter et al., Herttua et al., Khanam et al., and Abdulazeez et al. that reported a significant association between medication adherence and patients’ financial situation [22, 29,30,31]. This is explained by that; poor patients struggle to adhere to medications due to their cost.

The presence of comorbid conditions in hypertensive patients was associated with non-adherence to treatment as shown in our study that agrees with the results of a previous study conducted in the United Arab Emirates by Bader et al., and another study by Jose et al. [27, 32]. This is explained by that hypertensive patients without other comorbidities have a simple treatment regimen that makes adherence easier. In contrast, other studies conducted by Hyo Yoon Choi et al., Mallya SD et al., and Mazzaglia G et al. [16, 33, 34] showed a significant association between the presence of comorbid conditions in hypertensive patients and good adherence to antihypertensive medications and explained that patients with concomitant comorbid conditions, especially those related to cardiovascular risk factors, are more likely to be aware of being at a higher risk and, therefore, more likely to adhere to a therapeutic regimen.

We found that patients using three or more antihypertensive pills were significantly less adherent to medications than those using only one or two drugs, and this finding was in line with the results of the study conducted in Pakistan by Hashmi et al., and the study by Jose et al. [17, 32]. This could be explained by a smaller number of medications is easier to remember and less side effects lead to more adherence than multiple medications. On the other hand, some previous descriptive studies showed a positive association between adherence and the number of pills, as the study conducted by Hyo Yoon Choi et al. and Hashmi et al. [14, 25]. They explained that by patients who are using multiple pills tend to be more motivated to take medications due to the perception of the severity of the disease. A second explanation may be that patients who are using multiple drugs daily are less likely to forget them compared to those using only one drug.

Our study was in line with the previous two studies conducted in South Korea by Park JH. et al. and Hyo Yoon Choi et al. [16, 35], who reported that there is a higher medication adherence rate in patients who were treated in metropolitan rather than in urban clinics and this is explained by that medical services are focused around metropolitan areas. Also, in our study the adherence rate was significantly higher in patients living in urban than those living in rural areas. This is explained by the high gap in health and education services between urban and rural areas in our communities in favor of urban.

A previous study conducted in Saudi Arabia by Mahmoud M. showed a significant association between poor adherence and smoking [36]. This could be explained by those patients with good quality of life showed a good adherence to their medications, as they are aiming to have a better health, so they try to keep a good adherence to their medications [37]. In contrary, our study showed no association between smoking and non-adherence to medication.

We noticed that missing doses of medication were a significant cause of non-adherence. Larissa Grigoryan et al. [38] concluded that, regardless of the number of medications, non-adherence to antihypertensives is usually partial, with most patients engaging in drug holidays of less than 4 days.

In our study, patients with lack of complying with a dietary regimen showed non-adherence to antihypertensive medication. The observational study conducted in India in 2015 [39] reported that poor adherence to treatment was observed in patients with unrestricted dietary habits and a high salt intake that matched with our results. Another study with similar findings conducted by Natarajan N. et al. [25] noticed that patients who had a healthy diet with a low salt intake had a good adherence to medication. Also, Hyo Yoon Choi et al. [16] showed that patients with high salt intake had poor adherence to antihypertensive medication. These results suggest that a patient’s lifestyle modification enhances good adherence to medications.

The limitation of our study. We used an indirect method for evaluation of the factors that predict adherence through the patient’s interview using adherence questionnaire, which is less accurate than the direct methods measuring the drug concentration or its metabolite in body fluids as self-reporting of treatment adherence could introduce recall bias by either over reporting or under reporting depending on the patient’s behavior on the recent past.

Strengths of our study. The first, it included a large number of patients. The second, it was a multicenter study conducted at three different governates that represented different societies.

Conclusion

In our study, the adherence rate to medication was 46.12%. Age > 65 years, illiterate patients, low income, associated comorbidities, using three or more antihypertensive pills, and living in rural areas were socio-demographic predictors of non-adherence to treatment. Also, missing doses of medication and lack of complying with dietary regimen were the statistically significant behavioral causes associated with non-adherence. Health institutions and governmental efforts should be directed toward improving adherence by creating effective intervention programs targeting these factors. Therefore, it might be concluded that patients who are more health aware are more adherent to medications than non-health aware patients.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

SD:

Standard deviation

OR:

Odds ratio

CI:

Confidence interval

NO.:

Number

WHO:

World Health Organization

References

  1. Joint National Committee (1997) The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 157:2413–2446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Moon JY, Park KJ, Hwangbo Y et al (2013) A trend analysis of the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension by age group. J Prev Med Public Health 46:353–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Borzecki AM, Oliveria SA, Berlowitz DR (2005) Barriers to hypertension control. Am Heart J 149:785–794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Eraker SA, Kirscht JP, Becker MH (1984) Understanding and improving patient compliance. Ann Intern Med 100:258–268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Balkrishnan R (2005) The importance of medication adherence in improving chronic-disease related outcomes: what we know and what we need to further know. Med Care 43:517–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Sokol MC, McGuigan KA, Verbrugge RR et al (2005) Impact of medication adherence on hospitalization risk and healthcare cost. Med Care 43:521–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ho PM, Magid DJ, Shetterly SM et al (2008) Importance of therapy intensification and medication nonadherence for blood pressure control in patients with coronary disease. Arch Intern Med 168:271–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Krousel-Wood M, Thomas S, Muntner P, Morisky D (2004) Medication adherence: a key factor in achieving blood pressure control and good clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients. Curr Opin Cardiol 19:357–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Vander Stichele R (1991) Measurement of patient compliance and the interpretation of randomized clinical trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 41:27–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Rudd P (1979) In search of the gold standard for compliance measurement. Arch Intern Med 139:627–628

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Lee GKY, Wang HHX, Liu KQL et al (2013) Determinants of medication adherence to antihypertensive medications among a Chinese population using Morisky medication adherence scale. PLoS One 8(4):e62775

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Saad Z. Nagi. Poverty in Egypt. www1.aucegypt.edu/.../Research_Briefs/Poverty_In_Egypt.pdf.

  13. Central agency for public mobilization and statistics. www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/IndicatorsPage.aspx?page_id=6154&ind_id=1124

  14. Patel RP, Taylor SD (2002) Factors affecting medication adherence in hypertensive patients. Ann Pharmacother 36:40–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Yue Z, Bin W, Weilin Q et al (2015) Effect of medication adherence on blood pressure control and risk factors for antihypertensive medication adherence. J Eval Clin Pract 21:166–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Choi HY, Im Jung O, Lee JA et al (2018) Factors affecting adherence to antihypertensive medication. Korean J Fam Med 39(6):325–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Hashmi S, Afridi M, Abbas K et al (2007) Factors associated with adherence to antihypertensive treatment in Pakistan. PLoS ONE 2(3):e280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. WHO (2003). Adherence to long term therapies – evidence for action. Retrieved October 24,2018.From http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/79059/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2013.2_eng.pdf.

  19. Al-Ramahi R (2015) Adherence to medications and associated factors: a cross-sectional study among Palestinian hypertensive patients. J Epidemiol Global Health 5:125–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Karakurt P, Kaşikçi M (2012) Factors affecting medication adherence in patients with hypertension. J Vasc Nurs 30:118–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Al Solami F, Correa-Velez I, Hou X-Y (2015) Factors affecting antihypertensive medications adherence among hypertensive patients attending a general hospital in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Diss. Queensland University of Technology. Am J Med Med Sci 5(4):181–189

    Google Scholar 

  22. Khanam M, Lindeboom W, Koehlmoos T et al (2014) Hypertension: adherence to treatment in rural Bangladesh—findings from a population-based study. Glob Health Action 7:1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Kamran A, Sadeghieh Ahari S, Biria M et al (2014) Determinants of patient’s adherence to hypertension medications: application of health belief model among rural patients. Ann Med Health Sci Res 4:922–927

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kang CD, Tsang PP, Li WT et al (2015) Determinants of medication adherence and blood pressure control among hypertensive patients in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study. Int J Cardiol 182:250–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Natarajan N, Putnam W, van Aarsen K et al (2013) Adherence to antihypertensive medications among family practice patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Can Fam Physician 59:e93–e100

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Zyoud S, Al-Jabi S, Sweileh W et al (2013) Relationship of treatment satisfaction to medication adherence: findings from a cross-sectional survey among hypertensive patients in Palestine. Health Qual Life Outcomes 11:191–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Bader RJ, Koprulu F, Hassan N et al (2015) Predictors of adherence to antihypertensive medication in northern United Arab Emirates. East Mediterr Health J 21:309–318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Nunes M, de Silva A, de Oliveira Bernardino A et al (2015) Prevalence and factors associated with the cooperation of arterial hypertension patients. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem 28(4):323–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Vawter L, Tong X, Gemilyan M et al (2008) Barriers to antihypertensive medication adherence among adults—United States, 2005. J Clin Hypertens 10:922–929

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Herttua K, Tabák A, Martikainen P et al (2013) Adherence to antihypertensive therapy prior to the first presentation of stroke in hypertensive adults: population-based study. Eur Heart J 34:2933–2939

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Abdulazeez F, Omole M, Ojulari S (2014) Medication adherence amongst diabetic patients in a tertiary healthcare institution in Central Nigeria. Trop J Pharm Res 13:997–1001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Jose J, Jimmy B (2011) Patient medication adherence: measures in daily practice. Oman Med J 26(3):155–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Mallya SD, Kumar A, Kamath A et al (2017) Assessment of treatment adherence among hypertensive patients in a coastal area of Karnataka, India. Int J Comm Med Public Health 3:1998–2003

    Google Scholar 

  34. Mazzaglia G, Ambrosioni E, Alacqua M et al (2009) Adherence to antihypertensive medications and cardiovascular morbidity among newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Circulation. 120:1598–1605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Park JH, Shin Y, Lee SY et al (2008) Antihypertensive drug medication adherence and its affecting factors in South Korea. Int J Cardiol 128:392–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Mahmoud M (2012) Compliance with treatment of patients with hypertension in Almadinah Almunawwarah: a community-based study. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 7:92–98

    Google Scholar 

  37. Piper M, Kenford S, Fiore M et al (2012) Smoking cessation and quality of life: changes in life satisfaction over 3 years following a quit attempt. Ann Behav Med 43(2):262–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Grigoryan L, Pavlik VN, Hyman DJ (2013) Patterns of non-adherence to antihypertensive therapy in primary care. J Clin Hypertens 15(2):107–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Venkatachalam J, Abrahm SB, Singh Z et al (2015) Determinants of patient’s adherence to hypertension medicat (ons in a rural population of Kancheepuram district in Tamil Nadu, South India). Indian J Community Med 40:33–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Nasser City, Sohag, 82524, Egypt

    Ahmed Hussein

  2. Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt

    Mohammad Shafiq Awad

  3. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt

    Hossam Eldin M. Mahmoud

Authors
  1. Ahmed Hussein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohammad Shafiq Awad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hossam Eldin M. Mahmoud
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The corresponding author “A.H” was a major contributor in writing the manuscript, collected data from 1000 patients, wrote the methodology, made analysis of data of the whole participants and interpretation of the results, shared in writing the discussion and the abstract. The author “H.E.M” collected data from 820 patients, shared in writing the discussion and the abstract. The author “M.S.A” collected data from 600 patients and wrote the background. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ahmed Hussein.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All subjects provided a written informed consent to participate in the study. The study protocol was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University. The committee reference number is not applicable. Date of approval 15 July 2015; the Ethical Research Committee, Beni Suef Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University. The committee reference number is not applicable. Date of approval 11 August 2015; the Qena Medical Ethics Committee, Qena Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University. The committee reference number is not applicable. Date of approval 17 August 2015.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hussein, A., Awad, M.S. & Mahmoud, H.E.M. Patient adherence to antihypertensive medications in upper Egypt: a cross-sectional study. Egypt Heart J 72, 29 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43044-020-00066-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43044-020-00066-0

Keywords

  • Hypertension
  • Antihypertensive medication
  • Adherence
  • Predictor factors